Relación existente entre el uso de aparatología ortodóntica y el aumento de la microbiota oral odontopatogena. Revisión sistemática.

Abstract

Introduction: Poor oral health is directly related to the main chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. During orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliances, food can easily get trapped in and around these appliances and cause permanent damage to tooth enamel if teeth and appliances are not kept clean. This means a risk of cavities and gum disease, which can lead to bigger problems. Objective: Analyze the relationship between the use of orthodontic appliances and changes in the periodontal-pathogen oral microbiota through a systematic review. Materials and methods: A qualitative systematic review was carried out under the reporting guidelines established by the PRISMA group. Through the search for information in databases such as PubMed, PMC, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane Trial Library, Web of Science, it was possible, after the process of identification, screening, and definition of eligible, to include 31 publications between November of 2018 and May 2020 for the qualitative synthesis that consisted of the data extraction process in a pre-designed group to then perform a descriptive and qualitative analysis of each publication in order to achieve evidence of the different findings and conclude the current study. Results: Regarding the prevalence rates of the microorganisms in the different publications, it was found that P. gingivalis corresponded to the most examined microorganism in the oral microbiota, followed by A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia and T. forsythia. The different ways of measuring the studies confirm the significance of the findings of these microorganisms in the oral microbiota during orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliances. Conclusion: In general terms, the findings derived from the literature review allow us to affirm that the quality of the evidence was medium-high in order to demonstrate the relationship between the use of orthodontic appliances and the increase in the odontopathogenic oral microbiota, therefore It was possible to identify significant aspects, which allow us to conclude that the relationship exists and that the significant alterations of the microbiota presented in the review are more prevalent in fixed appliances than in removable ones.. Keywords: Oral microbiota, orthodontic appliances, microorganisms.